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Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human)
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), Nabi-HBTM, is a sterile solution of immunoglobulin (5±1% protein) containing antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). It is prepared from plasma donated by individuals with high titers of anti-HBs. The plasma is purified by an anion-exchange column chromatography method1,2 with two added viral reduction steps described below. The product is formulated in 0.075 M sodium chloride, 0.15 M glycine, and 0.01% polysorbate 80, pH6.25. It contains no preservative and is intended for single use by the intramuscular route only. The product appears as a clear to opalescent, nonturbid liquid. The manufacturing steps are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of viral disease. The solvent/detergent treatment step, using tri-n-butyl phosphate and Triton® X-100, is effective in inactivating known enveloped viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 3 Virus filtration, using a Plan ova®35 nm Virus Filter, is effective in reducing some known enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. 4The inactivation and reduction of known enveloped and non-enveloped model viruses were validated in laboratory studies as summarized in the following table: Table 1 Log Reduction of Test Viruses5
The product potency is expressed in international units (IU) by comparison
to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Each vial contains greater
than 312 IU/mL anti-HBs. The potency of each vial of Nabi-HBTM
exceeds the potency of anti-HBs in a U.S. reference hepatitis B immune
globulin (FDA). The U.S. reference has been tested by Nabi®
against the WHO standard and found to be equal to 208 IU/mL.
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) products provide passive immunization for individuals exposed to the hepatitis B virus as evidenced by a reduction in the attack rate of hepatitis B following use.6-9 Clinical studies conducted prior to 1983 with hepatitis B immune globulins similar to Nabi-HBTM 10,11 indicate the advantage of simultaneous administration of Hepatitis B Vaccine and Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) advises that the combination prophylaxis be provided based upon the increased efficacy found with that regimen in neonates.12 Cases of hepatitis B are rarely seen following exposure to HBV in persons with preexisting anti-HBs. However, no prospective studies have been performed on the efficacy of concurrent Hepatitis B Vaccine and Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) administration following parenteral exposure, mucous membrane contact, or oral ingestion in adults. Infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers are at risk of being infected with HBV and becoming chronic carriers.13 The risk is especially great if the mother is also HBeAg-positive.14 Studies conducted with hepatitis B immune globulins similar to Nabi-HBTM indicated that for an infant with perinatal exposure to an HBsAg-positive and HBsAg-positive mother, a regimen combining one dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) at birth with the Hepatitis B Vaccine series started soon after birth is 85-98% effective in preventing development of the HBV carrier state.15-17 Regimens involving either multiple doses of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) alone or the vaccine series alone have a 70-90% efficacy, while a single dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) alone has 50% efficacy.18 Since infants have close contact with primary caregivers and they have a higher risk of becoming HBV carriers after acute HBV infection, prophylaxis of an infant less than 12 months of age with Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) and Hepatitis B Vaccine is indicated if the mother or primary caregiver has acute HBV infection.19 Sexual partners of HBsAg-positive persons are at increased risk of acquiring HBV infection. A single dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) is 75% effective if administered within two weeks of the last sexual exposure to a person with acute hepatitis B.19 Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics trials20 of Nabi-HBTM,Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), given intramuscularly to 48 healthy volunteers demonstrate pharmacokinetic parameters similar to those reported by Scheiermann and Kuwert.21 The half-life for Nabi-HBTM was 24.8±5.6 days. The clearance rate was 0.433±0.144 L/day and the volume of distribution was 15.3±6.2L. Maximum concentration of Nabi-HBTM
was reached in 6.6±3.0 days. The maximum concentration of anti-HBs achieved
by Nabi-HBTM was consistent with that
of another licensed Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) when compared
in the same pharmacokinetics trial. Comparability of pharmacokinetics
between Nabi-HBTM and a commercially
available hepatitis B immunoglobulin indicate that similar efficacy of
Nabi-HBTM should be inferred.
Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), is indicated for treatment of acute exposure to blood containing HBsAg, perinatal exposure of infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers, sexual exposure to HBsAg positive persons and household exposure to persons with acute HBV infection in the following settings:
Nabi-HBTM is indicated for intramuscular use only.
This product is for intramuscular use only. The use of this product by the intravenous route is not indicated. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. It is important to use a separate vial, sterile syringe, and needle for each individual patient, in order to prevent transmission of infectious agents from one person to another. Any vial of Nabi HBTM ,Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), that has been entered should be used promptly. Do not reuse or save for future use. This product contains no preservative; therefore, partially used vials should be discarded immediately. Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) may be administered at the same time (but at a different site), or up to one month preceding hepatitis B vaccination without impairing the active immune response to Hepatitis B Vaccine.11 Acute Exposure to Blood Containing HBSAg Table 2 summarizes prophylaxis for percutaneous (needle stick, bite, sharps), ocular, or mucous membrane exposure to blood according to the source of exposure and vaccination status of the exposed person. For greatest effectiveness, passive prophylaxis with Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) should be given as soon as possible after exposure, as its value after seven days following exposure is unclear.12 An injection of 0.06 mL/kg of body weight should be administered intramuscularly as soon as possible after exposure and within 24 hours, if possible. Consult the Hepatitis B Vaccine package insert for dosage information regarding the vaccine. For persons who refuse Hepatitis B Vaccine or are known non-responders to vaccine, a second dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) should be given one month after the first dose.12 Table 2 Recommendations for Hepatitis B Prophylaxis Following Percutaneous or Permucosal Exposure12
*Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) dose of 0.06 mL/kg IM. †Set manufacturers’ recommendation for appropriate dose. ‡Less than 10 mIU/mL anti-HBs by radioimmunoassay, sugatiue by enzyme immunoassay. Prophylaxis of Infants Born to Mothers Who Are Positive for HBsAg With or Without HBeAg. Table 3 contains the recommended schedule of hepatitis B prophylaxis for infants born to mothers that are either known to be positive for HBsAg or have not been screened. Infants born to mothers known to be HBsAg-positive should receive 0.5 mL Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) after physiologic stabilization of the infant and preferably within 12 hours of birth. The Hepatitis B Vaccine series should be initiated simultaneously, if not contraindicated, with the first dose of the vaccine given concurrently with the Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), but at a different site. Subsequent doses of the vaccine should be administered in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer. Women admitted for delivery, who were not screened for HBsAg during the prenatal period, should be tested. While test results are pending, the newborn infant should receive Hepatitis B Vaccine within 12 hours of birth (see manufacturers’ recommendations for dose). If the mother is later found to be HBsAg-positive, the infant should receive 0.5 mL Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) as soon as possible and within seven days of birth; however, the efficacy of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) administered after 48 hours of age is not known.10,19 Testing for HBsAg and anti-HBs is recommended at 12-15 months of age. If HBsAg is not detectable and anti-HBs is present, the child has been protected.12 Table 3 Recommended Schedule of Hepatitis B Immunoprophylaxis to Prevent Perinatal Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection19
*See manufacturer’s recommendations for appropriate dose. †0.5mL administered IM at a site different from that used for the vaccine. ‡See ACIP recommendation. Sexual Exposure to HBsAg-positive Persons All susceptible persons whose sexual partners have acute hepatitis B infection should receive a single dose of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) (0.06 mL/kg) and should begin the Hepatitis B Vaccine series, it not contraindicated, within 14 days of the last sexual contact or if sexual contact with the infected person will continue. Administering the vaccine with Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) may improve the efficacy of post-exposure treatment. The vaccine has the added advantage of conferring long-lasting protection.19 Household Exposure to Persons With Acute HBV Infection Prophylaxis of an infant less than 12 months of age with 0.5 mL Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human) and Hepatitis B Vaccine is indicated it the mother or primary caregiver has acute HBV infection. Prophylaxis of other household contacts of persons with acute HBV infection is not indicated unless they had an identifiable blood exposure to the index patient, such as by sharing toothbrushes or razors. Such exposures should be treated like sexual exposures. If the index patient becomes an HBV carrier, all household contacts should receive Hepatitis B Vaccine.19 HOW SUPPLIED Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), is supplied as:
STORAGE Refrigerate between 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F). Do not freeze. Do not use after expiration date. Use within 6 hours after the vial has been entered. REFERENCES 1. Bowman JM, et al: WinRho: Rh immune globulin prepared by ion exchange for intravenous use. Canadian Med Assoc J 1980; 123: 1121-1125. 2. Friesen AD, etal: Column ion-exchange preparation and characterization of an Rh immune globulin (WinRho) for intravenous use. Journal of Applied Biochem 1981; 3: 164-175. 3. Horowitz B: Investigations into the application of tri (n-butyl) phosphate/detergent mixtures to blood derivatives. Morgenthaler J (ed): Virus Inactivation in Plasma Products, Curr Stud Hemato/Blood Transfus 1989; 56: 83-96. 4. Bumouf T: Value of virus filtration as method for improving the safety of plasma products. VoxSang 1996; 70: 235-236. 5. Unpublished data on file, Viral Validation Study Reports, Cangene Corporation. 6. Grady GF, and Lee VA: Hepatitis B immune globulin-prevention of hepatitis from accidental exposure among medical personnel. N Engl J Med1975; 293: 1067-1070. 7. Seeff LB, etal.: Type B hepatitis after needlestick exposure: Prevention with hepatitis B immune globulin. Ann Int Med 1978; 88: 285-293. 8. Krugman S, and Giles JP: Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2-strain). Further observations on natural history and prevention. N Engl J Med 1973; 288: 755-760. 9. Hoofnagle JH, etal.: Passive-active immunity from hepatitis B immuneglobulin. Ann lnt Med1979; 91: 813-818. 10.BeasleyRP, et al.: Efficacy of hepatitis B immuneglobulin for prevention of perinatal transmission of the hepatitis B virus carrier state: Final report of a randomized doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1983; 3: 135-141. 11.Szmuness W, et al.: Passive active immunisation against hepatitis B: Immunogenicity studies in adult Americans. Lancet 1981; 1: 575-577. 12.Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for protection against viral hepatitis. Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1985; 34(22): 31 3-335. 13.Shiraki Y, et al.: Hepatitis B surface antigen and chronic hepatitis in infants born to asymptomatic carrier mothers. Am J Dis Child 1977; 131: 644-647. 14.Beasley RP, etal.: The e antigen and vertical transmission of hepatitis B surface antigen. Am J Epidemiol 1977; 105: 94-98. 15.WongVCW, et al.: Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin: Double blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Lancet 1984; 1: 921-926. 16.Poovorawan Y, et al.: Long term hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to hepatitis B e antigen positive mothers. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1997; 77: F47-F51. 17.Stevens CE, et al.: Perinatal Hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States: Prevention by passive-active immunization. JAMA 1985; 253: 1740-1745. 18.Jhaveri R, et al.: High titer multiple dose therapy with HBIG in newborn infants of HBsAg positive mothers. J Pediatr 1980; 97: 305-308. 19.Centers for Disease Control: Hepatitis B virus: A comprehensive strategy for eliminating transmission in the United States through universal childhood vaccination. Recommendations of the Immunization PracticesAdvisory Committee (ACIP). MMWR 1991; 40(1 3): 1-25. 20.Data on file, Nabi. 21.Scheiermann N, Kuwert EK: Uptake and elimination of hepatitis B immunoglobulins after intramuscular application in man. Develop Biol Standard 1983; 54: 347. 22.Centers for Disease Control: General recommendations on immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1994; 1:6. 23.Ellis EF and Henney CS: Adverse reactions following
administration of human gamma globulin. J Allerg 1969; 43: 45-54.
Seventy-six male and female volunteers received Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), intramuscularly in pharmacokinetics trials. 20 The number of patients with reactions related to the administration of Nabi-HBTM included local reactions such as pain 9 (12%), ache 2 (3%), erythema 2 (3%), heat1( 1%), and burning 2 (3%) at the injection site, as well as systemic reactions such as headache 20 (26%), malaise 4 (5%), nausea 4 (5%), diarrhea 2 (3%) and myalgia 4 (5%). The majority of reactions were reported as mild. The following adverse events were reported once each in pharmacokinetics trials and were probably related to Nabi-HBTM: chills, fatigue, lightheadedness, abdominal cramping, and retching. There were no serious adverse events. No anaphylactic reactions with Nabi-HBTM have been reported. However, these reactions, although rare, have been reported following the injection of human immune globulins.23
Vaccination with live virus vaccines should be deferred until approximately three months after administration of Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human). It may be necessary to revaccinate persons who received Nabi-HBTM shortly after live virus vaccination. There are no available data on concomitant use of Nabi-HBTM
and other drugs; therefore, Nabi-HBTM
should not be mixed with other drugs.
In patients who have severe thrombocytopenia or any coagulation disorder that would contraindicate intramuscular injections, Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), should be given only if the expected benefits outweigh the potential risks. Nabi-HBTM is made from human plasma. Products made from human plasma may contain infectious agents, such as viruses, that can cause disease. The risk that such products can transmit an infectious agent has been reduced by screening plasma donors for prior exposure to certain viruses, by testing for the presence of certain current viral infections, and by inactivating and/or reducing certain viruses. The Nabi-HBTM manufacturing process includes a solvent/detergent treatment step (using tri-n-butyl phosphate and Triton®X-100) that is effective in inactivating known enveloped viruses such as HBV, HCV, and HIV. Nabi-HBTM is filtered using a Planova®35 nm Virus Filter that is effective in reducing the levels of some enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. These two processes are designed to increase product safety. Despite these measures, such products can still potentially transmit disease. There is also the possibility that unknown infectious agents may be present in such products. ALL infections thought by a physician possibly to have been transmitted by this product should be reported by the physician or other health care provider to Nabi at 1-800-458-4244. The physician should discuss the risks and benefits of this product with the patient.
Nabi-HBTM, Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (Human), must be administered only intramuscularly for post exposure prophylaxis. The preferred sites for intramuscular injections are the anterolateral aspect of the upper thigh and the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. If the buttock is used due to the volume to be injected, the central region should be avoided; only the upper, outer quadrant should be used, and the needle should be directed anteriorly (i.e., not interiorly or perpendicular to the skin) to minimize the possibility of involvement with the sciatic nerve.22 Drug Interactions See DRUG INTERACTIONS section. Pregnancy Category C Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Nabi-HBTM. It is also not known whether Nabi-HBTM can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Nabi-HBTM should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly indicated. Nursing Mothers It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Nabi-HBTM is administered to a nursing mother. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population have not been established
for Nabi-HBTM. However, the safety and
effectiveness of similar Hepatitis B immune globulins have been demonstrated
in infants and children.12
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